The primary objective of this assignment is to introduce you to the major biological concepts that are associated with diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. This Application focuses on the role of various biological processes involved in the regulation of food intake, nutrition, energy homeostasis, and metabolism. Complete the following steps. · Read the article by Jeffrey Flier and Eleftheria Maratos-Flier, “What Fuels Fat” as an introduction to the topic. This article explains the complex biology of energy balance and the contribution different organs make in regulating this process. · o Flier, J. S., & Maratos-Flier, E. (2007). What fuels fat. Scientific American, 297, 72-81. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 17784627) · Read Chapter 14, “The Digestive System and Nutrition,” in the course text Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues. After reading Flier’s article and Chapter 14, think about the role of cellular and molecular biology in regulation of food intake and nutrition, energy homeostasis, and metabolism. Browse the review articles from the list provided below, and choose an area of interest. Each article provides an overview of the complex biochemical and molecular processes that help regulate different organ systems in health and in the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Please note, you are expected to read a selection of the review articles listed below to gain a better or deeper understanding of the topic. However, for your Application Assignment you must also find primary research articles in your area of interest. You may use the review articles in your Application paper, but primary research is required for your research section. Using less than three primary research articles will result in a deduction of points. There are four biological focus areas provided. After familiarizing yourself with the overall topics, choose the area that interests you and review those articles. Then, please locate and use at least three appropriate primary research articles, all of which are related to the same focus area. Obesity and Energy Homeostasis · Cummings , D. E., & Overduin, J. (2007). Gastrointestinal regulation of food intake. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117, 13–23. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 25218811) · Drucker, D. J. (2006). The biology of incretin hormones. Cell Metabolism, 3, 153-165. Retrieved from .glucagon.com/pdfs/CellMetabolism2006.pdf”>http://www.glucagon.com/pdfs/CellMetabolism2006.pdf · Flier, J. S. (2004). Obesity wars: Molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic. Cell, 116, 337–350. .sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286740301081X”>Click here to access the article. · Hill, J. O. (2006). Understanding and addressing the epidemic of obesity: An energy balance perspective. Endocrine Reviews, 27, 750–761. Retrieved from.endojournals.org/content/27/7/750.full.pdf+html”>http://edrv.endojournals.org/content/27/7/750.full.pdf+html Nutrition, Obesity, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease · McGavock, J. M., Victor, R. G., Unger, R. H., & Szczepaniak, L. S. (2006). Adiposity of the heart, revisited. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144, 517-524. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 20371697) · Semenkovich, C. F. (2006). Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 116, 1813–1822. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 23151475) · Berg, A. H., & Scherer, P. E. (2005). Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation Research, 96, 939–949. Retrieved from.ahajournals.org/content/96/9/939.full.pdf+html”>http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/96/9/939.full.pdf+html · Getz, G. S., & Reardon, C. A. (2007). Nutrition and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 27, 2499–2506. Retrieved from.ahajournals.org/content/27/12/2499.full.pdf+html”>http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/27/12/2499.full.pdf+html · Katagiri, H., Yamada, T., & Oka, Y. (2007). Adiposity and cardiovascular disorders disturbance of the regulatory system consisting of humoral and neuronal signals.Circulation Research, 101, 27–39. Retrieved from .ahajournals.org/content/101/1/27.abstract”>http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/101/1/27.abstract · Lopaschuk, G. D., Folmes, C. D. L., & Stanley, W. C. (2007). Cardiac energy metabolism in obesity. Circulation Research, 101, 335–347. Retrieved from.ahajournals.org/content/101/4/335.full.pdf+html”>http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/101/4/335.full.pdf+html Obesity and Inflammation · Corvera, S., Burkart, A., Kim, J.-Y., Christianson, J., Wang, Z., & Scherer, P. E. (2006). Keystone meeting summary: ‘ Adipogenesis, obesity, and inflammation’ and ‘Diabetes mellitus and the control of cellular energy metabolism,’ January 21–26, 2006, Vancouver, Canada. Genes & Development, 20, 2193–2201. Retrieved from .cshlp.org/content/20/16/2193.full.pdf+html”>http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/20/16/2193.full.pdf+html · Rana, J., Nieuwdorp, M., Jukema, J., & Kastelein, J. (2007). Cardiovascular metabolic syndrome – an interplay of, obesity, inflammation, diabetes and coronary heart disease. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 9 (3), 218-232. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database (AN 24475620). · Schenk, S., Saberi, M., & Olefsky, J. (2008). Insulin sensitivity: modulation by nutrients and inflammation. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118 (9), 2992-3002. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database (AN 34270623) Metabolic Syndrome · Bagby, S. P. (2004). Obesity-initiated metabolic syndrome and the kidney: A recipe for chronic kidney disease? Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 15, 2775-2791. Retrieved from .asnjournals.org/content/15/11/2775.full.pdf+html”>http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/15/11/2775.full.pdf+html · Unger, R. H. (2003). Minireview: Weapons of lean body mass destruction: The role of ectopic lipids in the metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology, 144, 5159–5165. Retrieved from .endojournals.org/content/144/12/5159.full.pdf+html”>http://endo.endojournals.org/content/144/12/5159.full.pdf+html · Write a five page (body; double spaced) review of the topic from a public health biology perspective. In your review, include the following: · ii. Discuss the biological basis of energy homeostasis, including an introduction to your chosen focus area; iii. Discuss some of the recent (within five years) and current research on the focus area you chose, including study aim, methods, and results of the studies you discuss; iv. Explain the value and application of the above research findings to public health, citing the studies as needed, and providing some examples of how this information is or can be used in public health policy, programs, and practice. Your paper must provide APA-formatted references for all resources used and adhere to APA style and format. APA style headers will be expected for the three subsections of biological basis, research, and public health application. Use subheaders as needed. A title page and a reference page is required. An abstract is optional. Use your APA manual, or get help from the Writing Center if you need it. Week 6 application Application Biology of Asthma and Allergic Disease The primary objective of this assignment is to introduce you to the major biological concepts that are associated with asthma and allergic disease. This Application focuses on the role of various biological processes involved in the chronic illnesses of asthma and allergy. Complete the following steps. 1. Read the article by Dale Umetsu and Rosemarie DeKruyff, “The Regulation of Allergy and Asthma.” · o Umetsu, D. T., & DeKruyff, R. H. (2006). The regulation of allergy and asthma. Immunological Reviews, 212(1), 238–255. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 21667826) 2. Read Chapter 10, “The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases” in the course text, Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues. 3. Read a selection of the review articles presented below to gain a better or deeper understanding of the topic and help you choose a focus area. For your Application Assignment you must also find at least three primary research articles in your area of interest. You may use the review articles in your Application paper, but primary research is required for your research section. Using less than three primary research articles will result in a deduction of points. In the first application, you were given some focus areas. This time, you will do your own research to choose a biological focus; a specific area that interests you. Examples may include the “hygiene hypothesis,” windows of exposure, nutrition and gastrointestinal flora, helminth infections, Tregs, and NKT cells. Read the appropriate optional articles, and then locate additional review and primary research articles on your area of interest. o Devereux, G. (2006). The increase in the prevalence of asthma and allergy: Food for thought. Nature Reviews Immunology, 6(11), 869–< /font>874. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 22848496) o Tantisira, K. G., & Weiss, S. T. (2006). The pharmacogenetics of asthma therapy. Current Drug Targets, 7(12), 1697–1708. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 23278588) o Umetsu, D. T., Meyer, E. H., & DeKruyff, R. H. (2007). Natural killer T cells regulate the development of asthma. International Reviews of Immunology, 26(1/2), 121–< /font>140. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 24515668) o Wohlleben, G., & Erb, K. J. (2006). Immune stimulatory strategies for the prevention and treatment of asthma. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 12(25), 3281–? < /font>3292. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 22139036) o Yeatts, K., Sly, P., Shore, S., Weiss, S., Martinez, F., & Geller, A. et al. (2006). A brief targeted review of susceptibility factors, environmental exposures, asthma incidence, and recommendations for future asthma incidence research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(4), 634–< /font>640. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 20814567) 4. Write a five page (body; double-spaced) review of the topic from a public health biology perspective. In your review, include the following: . Explain the biological basis of asthma and allergic disease, including an introduction to your chosen focus area; i. Discuss some of the recent (within five years) and current research on the biological focus area you chose, including study aim, methods, and results of the studies you discuss; ii. Explain the value and application of the above research findings to public health, citing the studies as needed, and providing some examples of how this information is or can be used in public health policy, programs, and practice. Your paper must provide APA-formatted references for all resources used and adhere to APA style and format. APA style headers will be expected for the three subsections of biological basis, research, and public health application. Use subheaders as needed. A title page and a reference page is required. An abstract is optional. Use your APA manual, or get help from the Writing Center if you need it. Note: This Application Assignment is due by Day 7 of Week 9. Week 1 Antibiotic Resistance Current research is showing that antibiotic resistance is on the rise. In past years, people were less concerned about overuse of antibiotics. Because of research, we now know that using antibiotics when they are not necessary gives microbes a better chance to mutate and gain resistance to that antibiotic. In addition, if you stop taking the medicine before it has had the necessary time to kill off the majority of the bacteria, the ones that are left are the ones that are most resistant to the antibiotic. In essence, when you fail to complete a course of antibiotic treatment, you are creating your own antibiotic resistant germs. This is why most antibiotics are designed to be taken for longer than the time it may take you to feel better. In preparation for this week’s Discussion, review the required readings and “Health Watch: The Growing Threat of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria” from Chapter 1 in the textbook, Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues. Also consider this week’s video segment in which Dr. Sharon Krag and Dr. Fernando Guerra discuss the importance of public health professionals understanding biological concepts. With this in mind, think about why it is important for public health professionals to understand the biological basis of antibiotic resistance. Recall that primary research is an original document that is the first account of what happened. A research report is primary, and you can tell because it will have materials and methods, demonstrating how the research was done. Many of the preselected articles in this class are review articles, which are secondary. They are designed to give you an overview of the subject. In order to understand and discuss the current research that is going on for any particular topic, you will need to locate and read primary research articles that are published in peer-reviewed, scholarly journals. Because public health is an evidence-based discipline, strive to use primary research that is published in scholarly, peer-reviewed journals. Post by Day 4 a response to this question: · · Provide an overview of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. · · Discuss at least one example of recent, published research aimed at understanding mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, and explain how knowledge about antibiotic resistance can be applied in public health (remember that public health is not medical treatment of individuals, so think in terms of education, programs, interventions, policies, development of products used for prevention and treatment of populations, etc.). Support your discussion by citing at least one primary research article. Read your colleagues’ postings. Week2 .waldenu.edu/webapps/discussionboard/do/message?action=list_messages&forum_id=_2277516_1&nav=discussion_board&conf_id=_928868_1&course_id=_5103122_1&message_id=_35020854_1″>COLLAPSE Top of Form The Skin As a Protective Barrier As you have learned this week, skin functions as a protective barrier and is functional in several bodily processes. Your skin helps protect your body from dehydration and injury, defends against invading bacteria and viruses, and regulates the body’s temperature. Skin is the largest organ in the body. In preparation for this week’s Discussion, consider both how the skin functions and how it acts as a protective barrier. Post by Day 4 a response to the following: · · Provide a concise description of the structure and function of the skin, using molecular and cellular biological terms as appropriate. · · Discuss at least one example of recent, published research regarding a health issue or disease that affects skin or for which skin is a factor, and explain how it can be applied in public health. Support your examples by citing at least one primary research article. Bottom of Form Week3 Cycle of Life Thalidomide is widely known as the anti-nausea drug that was given to pregnant women in the 1950s (Lepper, Smith, Cox, Scripture, & Figg, 2006). This drug was later found to cause severe birth defects. However, today, based on the same mechanism of action that led to the limb malformations, thalidomide is being researched as a cancer drug (Gordinier et al., 2007). This highlights the importance of understanding mechanisms of action, and of keeping an open mind as to application of such knowledge. It also highlights how important the stage of development is and the implications of increased sensitivity based on stage of development. In preparation for this week’s Discussion, consider the role of cellular and molecular biology in aging and how the cycle of life presents different opportunities for health risks. In Week 2, we discussed the skin. Although you are encouraged to think about how material from this week applies to skin, please choose a different organ system for this Discussion. Post by Day 4 a response to the following: · · Choose an organ system (not skin), and discuss one way in which the stage of development or age of an individual relates to an increased sensitivity to damage to that system. Be sure to explain the biological basis/mechanism of the sensitivity. · · Discuss at least one example of recent, published research that has been done to understand the sensitivity you described above, and explain how the findings can be applied in public health. Support your discussion by citing at least one primary research article. Week4 Genetic Bases of Huntington’s disease Post by Day 4 a response to the following: · · Explain the genetic bases of Huntington’s disease and some of the research that is going on to understand the disorder. · · Provide at least one example of how understanding the genetic basis of the disease can be applied to public health policy, programs, and/or practice. Support your discussion by citing at least one primary research article. Read your colleagues’ postings from another thread. Week 5 Immunology In the 1920s the first vaccine for diphtheria was developed. Soon after, vaccines for pertussis and tetanus toxoid were developed and in 1925 the three vaccines were combined, becoming what is now known as the DTP vaccination. These vaccinations were developed in an effort to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality rates from infectious disease. Vaccination programs have changed significantly since 1925, even in the past 10 years. Today, children receive not only the DTP and MMR vaccinations, but also Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, HiB, Influenza, Polio, Varicella (chicken pox). Additional vaccinations may also be recommended depending on a child’s health. The readings this week focused on the body’s immune system and how vaccinations can help the body protect against infectious disease. With these thoughts in mind, consider at least one example of vaccination efforts for a particular infectious disease (this could include efforts to create a vaccine). Post by Day 4 a response to the following: · · Choose any disease except influenza for which a vaccine is relevant (either a vaccine exists or is needed) and discuss how knowledge of immunology is applied to public health policy, programs, and/or practice for that disease. You may not choose influenza because it is the subject of week 7. · · Include any applicable discussion on the historical context of the disease, focusing on vaccination and eradication efforts. Support your discussion by citing at least one primary research articl Week 6 .waldenu.edu/webapps/discussionboard/do/message?action=list_messages&forum_id=_2277520_1&nav=discussion_board&conf_id=_928868_1&course_id=_5103122_1&message_id=_35020861_1″>COLLAPSE Top of Form Pathogens Most people are familiar with how viruses can cause colds, and how bacteria is linked to foodborne illness. Do you eat yogurt with live cultures? That is a probiotic food. Microorganisms are not just “germs.” The intestinal track is an ecosystem unto itself, and we could not function without certain microbes in our digestive track. This is why, sometimes when you take antibiotics, you get diarrhea. You have eliminated some of the beneficial microorganisms that live in your intestine. The best way to get them back is to eat a probiotic food like yogurt with live cultures. Consider the different pathogens that cause diseases. As a public health professional, which disease are you most concerned about? Post by Day 4 a response to the following: · · Choose a specific type of microbe that causes a particular human disease and explain how it causes this disease in humans.You may not choose influenza or the same microbe you discussed in the week on immunology. · · Discuss at least one example of recent, published research that has been done to understand this organism and its mechanism of action, and explain how the findings can be applied in public health. Support your discussion by citing at least one primary research article. Bottom of Form Week 7 Influenza Pandemic Do you know why individuals have to get a flu shot to be protected from seasonal influenza every year? It is because of genetic drift. The influenza virus has an inherently unstable RNA genome, which makes it easy for it to mutate just enough every year so that our immune systems no longer recognize the virus. Every year, researchers work at a frantic pace to determine which strains will be prevalent in the coming year, and then create the vaccine to combat it. Usually, they get it right, but this is why in some years, the flu shot does not work very well. In the early part of flu season, samples are quickly analyzed to determine whether the strain is a good match for the vaccine. To prepare for this week’s Discussion, reflect on the readings for this week. Post by Day 4 a response to the following: · · Provide a concise description of the mechanism of action of influenza viruses, using molecular and biological terminology as appropriate. Include in your discussion an explanation of the ability of the influenza virus to cause a pandemic. Support your discussion with at least one primary research article. · · Discuss at least one example of recent, published research that is being done to understand an influenza virus that infects humans or that could potentially infect humans, and explain how the findings can be applied in public health.This could include a seasonal, zoonotic (eg. avian or canine), or known pandemic influenza strain. Be sure to cite the research study you discuss, which may not be the same source used for the bullet point above. Support your discussion by citing at least two primary research articles. Week8 Toxicity of Alcohol Post by Day 4 a response to the following: · · Provide a concise description of what is known about the mechanism of action and toxicity of alcohol using molecular and biological terminology as appropriate. · · Discuss at least one example of recent, published research that is being done to understand the mechanism and toxicity, and explain how the findings can be applied in public health. Support your discussion by citing at least one primary research article. Read your colleagues’ postings from another thread. Respond by Day 6 to at least one of your colleagues’ postings in a different topic in one or more of the following ways: · · Ask a probing question · · Expand on the colleague’s posting with additional insight and resources · · Offer polite disagreement or critique, supported with evidence In addition to, but not in place of the above, you may: · · Offer and support an opinion · · Validate an idea with your own experience · · Make a suggestion or comment which guides or facilitates the discussion Review and reflect on your colleagues’ postings to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights you have gained as a result of the comments made by your colleagues. (No posting is required for this reflection.) NOTE: Remember return to this initial postingtopic to respond to questions and peer feedback. Week 9 Biological Basis of Cancer Prior to writing your Discussion response this week, choose a particular angle of carcinogenesis to focus on, such as chemical-induced mutagenesis, genes, signaling pathways, etc. Consider the implications and application to public health. Post by Day 4 a response to the following: · · Choose a type of cancer and provide a concise description of what is known about how this carcinogenesis occurs, using molecular and biological terminology as appropriate. Include the role of genes and environment in your discussion as they relate to the type of cancer you chose. · · Discuss at least one example of recent, published research that is being done to understand this carcinogenesis, and explain how the findings can be applied in public health. Support your discussion by citing at least one primary research article. Read your colleagues’ postings. Respond by Day 6 to at least one of your colleagues’ postings in one or more of the following ways: · · Ask a probing question · · Expand on the colleague’s posting with additional insight and resources · · Offer polite disagreement or critique, supported with evidence In addition to, but not in place of the above, you may: · · Offer and support an opinion · · Validate an idea with your own experience · · Make a suggestion or comment which guides or facilitates the discussion Review and reflect on your colleagues’ postings to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights you have gained as a result of the comments made by your colleagues. (No posting is required for this reflection.) Week 10 Atherosclerosis Most individuals associate atherosclerosis with the coronary arteries. However, any artery in the body can become diseased with plaque. Arteries leading to the brain, arms, pelvis, and legs can also become clogged with atherosclerotic plaque. In preparation for this Discussion, consider the risk factors associated with atherosclerosis. Post by Day 4 a response to the following: · · Provide a concise description of atherosclerosis, including what is known about how it occurs and the role of risk factors such as diet. Utilize molecular and biological terminology as appropriate. · · Discuss at least one example of recent, published literature that is being done to understand how atherosclerosis occurs, and explain how the findings can be applied in public health. Support your discussion by citing at least one primary research article. Read your colleagues’ postings. Week 11 Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease, a neurological disease, is a very costly public health problem. As the population ages, the incidence of Alzheimer’s will increase. According to one research study by Brookmeyer, Gray, and Kawas (1998) the incidence of Alzheimer’s will nearly quadruple in the next 40 years. Finding a way to delay the onset of this disease could have a major impact on public health. Post by Day 4 a response to the following: · · Provide a concise description of what is known about how Alzheimer’s disease occurs, including risk factors such as genes and environment. Utilize molecular and biological terminology as appropriate. · · Discuss at least one example of recent, published literature that is being done to understand how Alzheimer’s disease occurs, and explain how the findings can be applied in public health. Support your discussion by citing at least one primary research article. Read your colleagues’ postings in the Addiction topic. Week12 Discussion – Week 12 .waldenu.edu/webapps/discussionboard/do/message?action=list_messages&forum_id=_2277526_1&nav=discussion_board&conf_id=_928868_1&course_id=_5103122_1&message_id=_35020872_1″>COLLAPSE Top of Form The Big Picture: Course Concepts Consider the different concepts presented throughout this course: cellular and molecular biology, human genetics, immunology, biological basis of influenza, toxicology, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and more. Reflect on how your understanding of these concepts has grown over the past 11 weeks. Post by Day 4 a response to the following: · · Post a discussion of the concepts presented throughout this course that you found most useful personally or professionally. Be sure that this initial post is 250–350 words in length. Bottom of Form
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